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"user": "What is the text content of this page?",
"assistant": "closed by means of screw plugs. Through the centre of the cover there passes a platinum wire which is insulated from the cover itself and reaches to about the centre of the bomb. A platinum tube to which is attached a small platinum crucible is also suspended from the lower surface of the lid, and this and the wire both carry little hooks to which the ignition wire used in starting the combustion can be suspended. The lid carries two terminals in contact with these wires. The ignition is caused by means of an iron or thin platinum wire imbedded in the coal, and which can be heated to redness or fused by the short passage of an electric current from accumulators.\n\nThe determination is made as follows:\u2014A piece of iron wire of appropriate diameter is weighed, made into a little coil, and incorporated in about one gram of coal by compressing the two in a small briquetting press. The whole is weighed and the weight of the coal found by difference. The briquette is then placed in the platinum crucible and the ends of the iron wire connected with the platinum terminals. The cover is screwed tightly on to the bomb, which is then filled with oxygen at about twenty-five atmospheres' pressure. The whole is placed in a nickel-plated calorimeter vessel containing about 2000 grams of water at room temperature. This vessel containing the bomb is then placed in a double-walled copper vessel which is carefully insulated. The calorimeter vessel is supplied with a thermometer graduated in hundredths of a degree, and which can be read to the nearest thousandth of a degree by means of a lens. The water in this"
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"user": "Output the exact text from the provided image.",
"assistant": "Artificial Coal Formation.\u2014Various experimenters have studied the effects of bacterial action, heat, and pressure on vegetable substances.\n\nMitscherlich carried out extensive studies on the fermentation of cellulose. He found that slices of potato placed in water under favourable conditions of temperature, etc., undergo decomposition, the cellulose diminishing, but the starch granules remaining intact. New slices placed in the filtrate underwent a more rapid decomposition than the first. The liquid was found to contain no fungi, but a large number of bacteria were present, and these Mitscherlich considered the probable cause of the phenomenon.\n\nVan Thieghem studied this decomposition, and named the micro-organism responsible for it Bacillus amylobacter. He further showed that it was very likely that this bacillus existed in the carboniferous era. By examining thin slices of coal under the microscope he recognised cell walls which had been silicified, and thus retained evidence of the changes undergone by bacterial action, and even in some cases was able to detect the silicified remains of the bacillus itself.\n\nBoudouard allowed fermentation to take place in a turf by reason of the micro-organisms contained, assisting it by application of heat and added oxygen. Humic acid was continuously formed with corresponding increase in carbon percentage. By means of pressure and heat combined he succeeded in altering this material into substances resembling bituminous coal and anthracite."
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"user": "Read the text in the picture and write it out exactly.",
"assistant": "like crude petroleum. On distillation he obtained fractions which he classed as light naphtha (175\u00b0-200\u00b0), phenols containing toluene or xylene (250\u00b0-300\u00b0), and solid paraffins (above 300\u00b0). He considered this extract to consist of \"bituminised resins\" from spores, fruits, etc., of a rich vegetation.\n\nPictet and Ramseyer extracted 248 kilograms of Montrambert-Loire coal in a Soxhlet apparatus with benzene. After washing the extract with caustic soda and then with sulphuric acid to remove phenols and bases, the benzene was distilled off. 244 grams of a mobile oil remained. Under 10 mms. pressure, 60 per cent. of this distilled between 110\u00b0 and 265\u00b0 C., the residue cooling to a dull, colophonite-like mass. It was found impossible to obtain any constant-boiling fraction from the distillate, as each fraction seemed to carry over with it some of the succeeding one. Eight fractions were ultimately made. These all consisted of substances containing no sulphur and having carbon and hydrogen percentages summing to between 93 per cent. and 99 per cent. They oxidised in air in a similar manner to the terpenes, hydrofluorenes, etc., but by distilling over sodium it was possible to raise the sum of the carbon and hydrogen percentages to almost 100. The molecular weights of fractions 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were found to be respectively 179, 212, 227, 256, and 296. \\( C_{13}H_{16} \\) has a molecular weight of 172, and the authors therefore consider that fraction 1 consists of this compound, the succeeding fractions being mixtures of it with its polymers. Its density was .920 at 20\u00b0 C., boiling-point 110\u00b0-120\u00b0 under 10"
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"user": "List all the words visible in this document image.",
"assistant": "play a part in elongation is not at all substantiated by experimental data except by the circumstance that it occurs in young walls only; on the other hand, the possibility is not completely excluded of its having a definite role in elongation.\n\nSummarizing, it may be concluded that the molecular structure of young cell walls is different from that of older walls and fibers. Crystalline structure of cellulose molecules is either wholly absent from young walls, or poorly developed, the molecules being present in either an amorphous or a paracrystalline or mesomorphic state. Moreover, other substances than cellulose may participate in the X-ray diagram of the young cell wall. These are perhaps primary substances, as supposed by Hess and co-workers; or they may possibly be pectin or bound water. In the dried condition, crystalline cellulose micelles are certainly present in the young wall, and from their interferences in various cases a rotation of cellulose micelles or macromolecules during elastic extension is indicated.\n\n*The Spiral Growth of Phycomyces*\n\nThe spore-bearing cell of *Phycomyces* rotates round its long axis during elongation (Burgeff, 1915). Oort (114) was the first to make a special study of this phenomenon, but was unable to furnish an explanation. Oort and Roelofsen (115), referring to the old hypothesis of Dippel on the relation between protoplasmic streaming and orientation of new particles deposited in the cell wall, were unsuccessful in correlating protoplasmic streaming and spiral growth. No oblique direction of protoplasmic streaming was found in the zone of elongation; this was confirmed later by Pop (119)\\(^r\\). But oblique streaming was found in older zones where no more elongation took place. The streaming was parallel with certain structures of the secondary cell wall, the presence of these structures being concluded from optical data on the wall.\n\nA study of the double refraction of the wall revealed that it consisted of three different layers. The middle and main layer showed positive birefringence, the long axis of the index ellipsoid of double refraction forming a slight angle only with the long axis of the wall. The long axis of the index ellipsoid of a second, thin layer outside the main layer is almost perpendicular to the long axis of the organ. The birefringences of these two layers compensate each other at a distance of about 2 mm. from the sporogonium, the zone"
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"assistant": "Where virus occurs in both phloem and parenchyma, it may be acquired from parenchyma, and infection may be produced by properly introducing it into parenchyma. Therefore, certain types of insects such as thrips, certain species of aphids and possibly other insects that feed chiefly or exclusively on parenchyma, are able to act as vectors. Even phloem-feeding insects may be able to function as vectors without actually feeding on phloem, as shown by Watson (1936) who found that *Myzus persicae* is able to acquire the Hy. III virus by feeding only on parenchyma of diseased plants and to introduce it into healthy plants in feeding intervals too short to permit the mouthparts of the insects to reach the phloem. In view of the possibility that phloem may be less favorable than parenchyma to multiplication of this type of virus, it would be of interest to have more information regarding the effectiveness of insect introduction of virus into parenchyma as compared with introduction into phloem.\n\nMuch evidence points to the conclusion that the vector relations of viruses that occur in both phloem and parenchyma are much less specific and limited than those of phloem-limited viruses. Drake, *et al.* (1933) showed that more than 50 species of aphids transmit the virus of yellow-dwarf of onion, and many other viruses of the mosaic type are known to be transmitted by more than one species of vector. Kenneth Smith (1937a) lists 21 viruses transmitted by *Myzus persicae*, 10 by *Macrosiphum gei*, and 8 by *M. pisi*. With few exceptions, the viruses transmitted by these insects produce mottling or local lesions. The probability of infection following introduction of virus into either phloem or parenchyma may be an important consideration in the production of these results.\n\n**Rate of Movement**\n\nThe rate of invasion of tissues by viruses following their introduction into the plant is influenced by a number of factors, the most important perhaps being: (1) the kind of plant in which movement occurs, (2) the kind of tissue in which movement takes place, and (3) the virus involved. Since the significance of these factors may vary in different plants and since other factors may exert an influence, a wide variation in the rate of movement among viruses may be expected. This expectation is abundantly realized in the results of a considerable number of measurements of virus movement that"
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"user": "What is the text content of this page?",
"assistant": "the tomato regenerated roots from the petioles while buds formed both here and in the axils of the leaflets. Leaflet cuttings regenerated only roots. Potato leaf cuttings which contained axillary buds, converted these into either shoots or tubers.\n\nNaylor and Johnson (175) found *Saintpaulia* capable of forming new plants from leaf cuttings of either the entire leaf, the blade, or only a portion, the roots arising endogenously from the thin-walled cells between the leaf traces, the shoots endogenously in the epidermal cells of either petiole or blade. There was no indication of either structure arising from dormant meristems.\n\nKemp (123), working with monocotyledons, emphasized that very few plants of this class had been regenerated from isolated leaves and that the few previously reported were all a result of regeneration from the leaf bases. He succeeded in regenerating *Gasteria*, *Drimiopsis* and *Sansevieria* from mutilated leaves and *Zamioculcas* from mutilated leaflets. He found that the roots arising from these leaves in *Gasteria* and *Sansevieria* were produced independently of the buds, while in *Drimiopsis* they were usually associated with them. Kemp concluded that either a meristem was present or else the injury was followed by certain cells regaining meristematic conditions. Although not definitely proven, it seemed to him that the faculty of bud production could be explained by the formation of the dicotyledonous or \"initial\" type of cork cambium instead of the limited \"etagen\" type characteristic of most monocotyledons. (In this connection, see Priestley and Swingle (188), pages 29 and 30.)\n\nMcMartin (161) followed the anatomical changes (including the accompanying secondary growth) in the petiole of *Acanthus* preceding and following the formation of pericyclic roots.\n\nMallik (156) observed the formation of roots but not of shoots from the callus arising at the base of the petiole of *Ficus religiosa*.\n\nMiki (167) reported on the regenerative capacity of leaves as well as roots of several water plants.\n\nRhodes and Scott (192) studied the structural changes taking place in leaf cuttings, particularly from the standpoint of determining the source of the food supply to the new roots.\n\nRoberts and Lawrence (196) and Wilden (264) obtained well rooted cuttings of *Dahlia* by taking leaves in the fall and plunging the petioles in sand. Roots quickly formed and the plants devel-"
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[
{
"user": "Can you read the text shown in the image?",
"assistant": "THE FIFTY-EIGHTH MEETING\n\nCHICAGO, ILL.\n\nDECEMBER 30, 1907, to JANUARY 4, 1908."
}
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OlmOCR
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[
{
"user": "Give me the complete text from the image.",
"assistant": "PAPERS READ.\n\nThe Heat of Dilution of Aqueous Salt Solutions.\nF. L. BISHOP.\n\nDetermination of the Fusion Points of Sodium Nitrate and Potassium Nitrate.\nFLOYD R. WATSON, University of Illinois.\nPhysical Review, Vol. XXVI, p. 198, February, 1908.\n\nA New Apparatus for Measuring Electrolytic Resistance.\nARTHUR W. SMITH, University of Michigan.\nAbstract in Science, N. S. Vol. XXVII, No. 693, April 10, 1908.\n\nHeat of Evaporation of Water.\nA. W. SMITH, University of Michigan.\nMonthly Weather Review, October, 1907.\n\nA Galvanometer Scale or the Direct Reading of Temperatures with Thermo-electric Couples.\nANTHONY ZELENY, University of Minnesota.\nPhysical Review.\n\nThe Use of the Bunsen Ice Calorimeter for Accurate Heat Measurements.\nH. T. BARNES and F. H. DAY, McGill University, Montreal.\nPhysical Review.\n\nThe Resistance Temperature Coefficient and the Coefficient of Expansion of Carbon.\nG. W. STEWART, University of North Dakota.\nAbstract in Physical Review.\n\nThe Temperature Coefficient of the Moving Coil Galvanometer.\nA. ZELENY and O. HOVDA, University of Minnesota.\nPhysical Review."
}
]
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OlmOCR
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[
5
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5
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[
3
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3
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[
5
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5
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[
4
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9
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"assistant": "MEMBERS AND FELLOWS.\n\nVoorhees, S. S., Engineer of Tests, U. S. Treasury Dept., Washington, D. C. (57). D\nVoris, Floyd Thomas, Park Lane, Des Moines, Iowa. (50). BC\nVotey, J. William, Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. (50). D\n*Vreeland, Frederick K., 39 South Fullerton Ave., Montclair, N. J. (50). 1908. BBG\nVroman, Charles E., 54 Walton Place, Chicago, Ill. (58).\nWackenhuth, F. C., Jr., Technical Brewer, 57 Freeman St., Newark, N. J. (53). G\nWaddell, John, Asst. Prof. of Chemistry, School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario. (57). C\nWaddell, Montgomery, Civil and Electrical Engineer, 1 West 101st St., New York, N. Y. (51). D\nWade, Harold Rollins, Bur. of Soils, U. S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C. (58). C\nWade, John W., M. D., 318 N. Second St., Millville, N. J. (51). K\nWadman, W. E., 102 Lord Ave., Bayonne, N. J. (50).\n*Wadsworth, F. L. O., Dir. Allegheny Observatory, Western University of Pennsylvania, Allegheny, Pa. (52). 1903. AB\nWadsworth, Herbert, 1801 Massachusetts Ave. N.W., Washington, D. C. (52). HI\n*Wadsworth, M. Edw., Ph. D., Dean of School of Mines and Metallurgy, and Professor of Mining and Geology, Penna. State Coll., State College, Pa., also Dean of School of Mines and Prof. of Mining Geology in Western University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, Pa. (23). 1874. E\n*Wadsworth, Oliver F., 526 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. (52). 1906. K\nWadsworth, William Austin, Geneseo, N. Y. (50). G\nWadsworth, William S., M. D., The Normandie, 36th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. (54). K\n*Wagner, Frank C., Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Ind. (34). 1897. D\nWagner, George, Instructor in Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. (46). FG\n*Wagner, Samuel, President of Wagner Free Institute of Science, Greenbank Farm, West Chester, Pa. (51). 1906.\nWahrer, C. F., M. D., 1007 Fifth St., Ft. Madison, Iowa. (53). K\n*Waidner, Charles W., Dept. Com. of Labor, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. (52). 1906. B\nWainwright, Jacob T., Metallurgical Engineer, P. O. Box 774, Chicago, Ill. (51). BDE\n*Wait, Charles Edmund, Professor of Chemistry, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. (51). 1906. C\n\n(218)"
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"assistant": "GLIMPSES\n\nGlimpses of India. A grand photographic history of the Land of Antiquity, the vast Empire of the East. With 500 ... camera-views. Also, supplementary photographic views of Burmah, Ceylon, Cashmere, and Aden. With full historical text ... Ed. by J. H. Furneaux. Bombay, [1904.] 4\u00b0. 162. A. 108.\n\nGlimpses of the East. 50 beautiful photographic views of India, Burma, Ceylon and the Straits. Calcutta, [1890?] 4\u00b0. 239. D. 77.\n\nGlomeau (M. A.) See Rutebeuf. La vie de Sainte Marie l'Egyptienne... Traductions et introd. par M. A. Glomeau.\n\nA Glossary, Bengali and English, to explain The Tota-Itihas, the Batris Singh\u00e2san, the history of R\u00e2j\u00e2 Krishna Chandra, the Purusha-Par\u00eekhy\u00e2, the Hitopad\u00easa. Tr. by Mrityunjaya. [With an introd. sd : G. C. Haughton.] London, 1825. 4\u00b0. 176. C. 12.\n\nA Glossary of Indian Terms ... Designed for the use of officers of Revenue and Judicial, practitioners and students. Madras, 1877. 8\u00b0. 171. A. 117.\n\nGlossary of Vernacular Terms ordinarily used in official correspondence in the Province of Assam. Comp. in the Assam Secretariat Office. Shillong, 1879. 8\u00b0. 176. A. 7 (2).\n\nA Glossary of Words with copious notes occurring in the Gulistan of Saadi, Chapter II, with the correct pronunciation of each word in English, etc. [Calcutta.] 1886. 8\u00b0. 176. A. 27 (6).\n\nLithographed.\n\nGlotz (Gustave) The Aegean Civilization. With ... illus., etc. [Foreword sd : Henri Berr.] (History of Civilization.) London, 1925. 24 cm. 107. B. 109.\n\n\u2014 Ancient Greece at Work : an economic history of Greece from the Homeric period to the Roman conquest. With ... illus. (History of Civilization.) London, 1926. 24 cm. 107. B. 113.\n\n\u2014 The Greek City and its Institutions. (Tr. by N. Mallinson.) [Foreword by Henri Berr and bibl.] (History of Civilization.) London, 1929. 25 cm. 107. B. 137.\n\nGLOUCESTOR, Lord. The Indian Administration of Lord Ellenborough. London, 1874. 8\u00b0. 165. A. 599.\n\nGlover (B. T. J.) Perfect Negatives and how to make them. (N. P. Handbooks, no. 1.) Liverpool, 1923. 18 cm. 137. G. 179.\n\nGlover (Julia) See Fyvie (J.) Tragedy Queens of the Georgian era, etc. (Julia Glover).\n\nGlover (Philip) An Inquiry concerning Virtue and Happiness. In a letter to a friend. London, 1751. 8\u00b0. 150. E. 39.\n\nPubd. anonymously.\n\nGlover (Richard) The Poetical Works of R. Glover ... To which is prefixed, the life of the author. Edinburgh, 1795. 8\u00b0. 156. D. 567 (8).\n\nGlover (Capt. T. G.) See Medley (Maj.-Gen. J. G.) and Glover (Capt. T. G.) Lectures delivered at the Thomason Civil Engineering College, Roorkee.\n\nGlover (T. R.) The Conflict of Religions in the early Roman Empire. London, 1909. 8\u00b0. 160. A. 277.\n\n\u2014 Democracy in the Ancient World. Cambridge, 1927. 22 cm. 149. B. 191.\n\n\u2014 From Pericles to Philip. 2nd ed. London, [1918.] 23 cm. 107. B. 89.\n\n\u2014 The Jesus of History. With a foreword by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Calcutta, 1917. 18 cm. 160. F. 163.\n\n\u2014 [Another ed.] Calcutta, 1919. 19 cm. 160. F. 163 (1).\n\n\u2014 The Pilgrim : essays on religion. London, 1921. 20 cm. 160. A. 513.\n\n\u2014 Poets and Puritans. London, [1915.] 23 cm. 156. E. 1227.\n\n\u2014 Progress in Religion to the Christian Era. London, 1922. 23 cm. 160. A. 565."
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